Advancing statistical learning and artificial intelligence in nanophotonics inverse design

Nanophotonics inverse design is a rapidly expanding research field whose goal is to focus users on defining complex, high-level optical functionalities while leveraging machines to search for the required material and geometry configurations in sub-wavelength structures. The journey of inverse design begins with traditional optimization tools such as topology optimization and heuristics methods, including simulated annealing, swarm optimization, and genetic algorithms. Recently, the blossoming of deep learning in various areas of data-driven science and engineering has begun to permeate nanophotonics inverse design intensely. This review discusses state-of-the-art optimizations methods, deep learning, and more recent hybrid techniques, analyzing the advantages, challenges, and perspectives of inverse design both as a science and an engineering.