Efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated using an aqueous lead nitrate precursor

A novel, aqueous precursor system (Pb(NO3)2 + water) is developed to replace conventional (PbI2 + DMF) for fabricating methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). When the morphology and surface coverage of the Pb(NO3)2 film was controlled during coating, a power conversion efficiency of 12.58% under standard conditions (AM1.5, 100 mW cm(-2)) was achieved for the PSC.