An Integrated Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Real-Time Sweat Potassium Monitoring

Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. Here, an integrated three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic electrochemical device (3D-PMED) with flexible wireless circuits is demonstrated for real-time monitoring of sweat potassium. The paper-based microfluidic pad is fabricated by printing wax patterns on cellulose paper and then folding the pre-patterned paper four times to form a five-layer stacked structure: sweat collector, vertical channel, transverse channel, electrode layer, and sweat evaporator. Also, we have discussed the different properties with three swear collector types. The sweat monitoring device is realized by integrating a screen-printed potassium ion-selective sensor on the PET substrate with the fabricated paper microfluidic pad. The sweat flow in 3D-PMED is modeled with red ink to generate the flow pathway of sweat and the capability of sweat storage. The detection range of the potassium ion-selective sensor is 1-32 mM, and the electrode response potential is 61.79 mV per decade of K ⁺ concentration. The device has a small size that is suitable for everywhere on the body, and also have shown good selectivity for both anion and cation, and a stable performance within 1 week. This 3D-PMED has provided a simple, low-cost way for real-time dynamic sweat potassium monitoring when exercising.