Erythroid precursors regulate local oxygen tension and repair outcomes in the bone marrow niche

Oxygen tension dynamically regulates stem cell fate and tissue regeneration, yet how local oxygen availability is controlled within the bone marrow niche remains poorly understood. While bone marrow injury, such as by bone fracture, disrupts marrow vasculature, the consequences on local oxygen tension remain unclear. Here, we show in mice that while the tissue oxygen tension in bone marrow is low (25 mmHg, ~4% O₂), intracellular oxygenation is heterogeneous and erythroid cells are high in oxygen. Bone fracture elevates oxygen tension in the injured bone marrow (>55 mmHg, ~8%), which persists for over a week post-injury. This oxygen elevation results not from angiogenesis, but rather from localized expansion of erythroid precursor cells in the injured bone marrow. The activated erythroid precursors synthesize hemoglobin and accumulate oxygen, acting as local modulators of oxygen tension. Blocking transferrin receptor 1 (CD71)-mediated iron uptake impairs hemoglobin synthesis, reduces local oxygen levels, and enhances bone regeneration through increased angiogenesis and osteogenesis. These findings identify erythroid precursors as active regulators of local oxygen availability in the bone marrow niche, which may be targetable to enhance tissue regeneration.