Therapeutic strategy for diabetic patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome

Abstract Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a multisystemic condition arising from the intricate interactions among cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic risk factors, which together impose a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Poor CKM health leads to a clinical syndrome with multiorgan dysfunction, with the most significant consequence being a high risk of cardiovascular events and serious renal outcomes. Based on the growing recognition of CKM syndrome, antidiabetic drugs with cardiorenal benefits are considered as first-line therapeutic strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize several common antidiabetic agents with cardiorenal benefits, and elaborate on their clinical efficacy in addressing cardiovascular events and kidney outcomes in clinical practice, with the aim of developing a holistic CKM management framework and getting a ward-documentation skills among junior doctors. Individualized treatment and precision medicine treatment is also of great importance for CKM health.