Environmental factors Associated with Disease Development of Garlic White Rot Caused by Two Species of Sclerotium

파속채소에 발생하여 큰 피해를 주는 흑색썩음균핵병균을 대상으로 외국 도입균주와 국내 분리균주간의 유전형을 UP-PCR을 이용하여 Tyson 등이 보고한 방법으로 조사한 결과, 국내에서 분리되는 Sclerotium cepivorum은 UP-PCR그룹 b에 속하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 대균핵 형성균과 DNA profile에 있어서 현저한 차이를 보였다. 두 가지 병원균의 균핵 표면구조를 전자현미경을 이용하여 확인한 결과, S. cepivorum은 대균핵 형성균에 비해 잔주름이 적고 내부에 포자와 유사한 구조가 관찰되었다. 흑색썩음균핵병을 일으키는두 가지 병원균은모두 $10\~25^{\circ}C$에 범위에서 생장되었고 생장 최적온도는 $20^{\circ}C$이었으며, $28^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 전혀 자라지 않았다. 두 가지 병원균의 균핵 형성정도는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 배양시 가장 높았고 균핵 발아정도는 $20\~24^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 높았다 처리온도를 달리하여 처리일수별로 휴면중인 병원균 균핵의 발아정도를 조사한 결과, $35^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 전처리한 후 $10^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 배양했을 때 발아가 가장 잘 되었으며 S. cepivorum은 $70\%$,대균핵 형성균은 $100\%$발아되었다. 담수기간 및 처리온도가 병원균의 생존에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 처리온도가 높아질수록 균핵 발아 정도가 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 흑색썩음균핵병을 일으키는 두 가지 병원균은 토양습도에 따라 발병정도에 있어서 큰 차이를 보였다. 마늘흑색썩음균핵병은 토양습도가 $15\%$(-300 mb)일 때 가장 높은 발병을 보였으며 $17\%$ 이상되거나 $13\%$ 이하로 되었을 때에는 토양습도가 $15\%$일 때에 비해 병 발생이 현저히 감소되었다. This study was conducted to elucidate effect of environmental factors on the development of white rot. In order to identify the causal agents causing white rot of Allium crops, we compared DNA profiles of a representative isolate, Sclerotium cepivorum, introduced from foreign country with Korean isolates using UP-PCR. As a result, Sclerotium isolates forming round-shaped sclerotia were identified as Sclerotium cepivorum pertaining in UP-PCR b group and Sclerotium isolates farming anamorphic-shaped sclerotia presumed to be a novel species of Sclerotium based on DNA profiles of UP-PCR. There was a big difference in DNA band pattern between two species of Sclerotium isolated in Korea. Electron micrographs of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope showed morphological differences in sclerotial surface structure and rind layers between two species of Sclerotium. There were more wrinkles and pore spaces on sclerotial surface of Sclerotium sp. forming anamorphic-shaped sclerotia than that of Sclerotium cepivorum forming round-shaped sclerotia. Both of two white rot pathogens grew well at the temperature range of $10-25^{\circ}C$ with optimal temperature of $20^{\circ}C$. Sclerotia of the two pathogens were well formed at $20^{\circ}C$ and well germinated at the temperature range of $20-24^{\circ}C$, Effect of pre-incubation of sclerotia on destruction of sclerotial dormancy of two pathogens was evaluated through storing sclerotia under different temperature condition. The sclerotia of the two pathogens showed an increased capacity to germinate on potato dextroise agar when the sclerotia were incubated for 7 days at $10^{\circ}C$ after pre-treatment at $35^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. At that time, germination rate of Sclerotium sp. and 5. cepivorum was $100\%\;and\;70\%$, respectively. Flooding period and treatment temperature had an effect on sclerotial survival rate of the two pathogens. As flooding period and treatment temperature increased, sclerotial germination rate of the two pathogens decreased. It was confirmed that soil humidity played an important role on development of white rot. It was the highest disease incidence of garlic white rot when garlic were sown at potted soils infested with the two pathogens and adjusted soil humidity to $15\%$ (field moisture capacity, about -300 mb). As soil humidity increase or decrease based on $15\%$ of soil humidity, disease incidence decreased move and more.