Removal of hazardous basic dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto kaolinite and acid-treated kaolinite: kinetics, isotherm and mechanistic study

Presence of dye molecules in water causes various harmful effects for both human and aquatic species. Herein, we tried to remove two cationic dyes, namely Crystal violet and Brilliant green, from water by kaolinite clay mineral. The kaolinite clay mineral is further treated with 0.25 M and 0.05 M H2SO4 to increase its adsorption capacity. The structural changes due to acid treatment were analyzed by XRD, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, cation exchange capacity, BET surface area, and pore volume measurements. Kinetic data were analyzed by using five different kinetic models and the data fitted best to pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir isotherm showed best fit to the adsorption of both Crystal violet and Brilliant green. Acid–treatment has slightly increased the adsorption capacities for both the dyes. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of raw kaolinite was found to be 47.17 and 25.70 mg g−1 for Crystal violet and Brilliant green, respectively, which increased to 49.50 and 50.51 mg g−1 for 0.25 M and 0.50 M acid-treated kaolinite in case of Crystal violet and to 26.45 and 26.88 mg g−1 in case of Brilliant green at 303 K. Crystal violet adsorption was exothermic with increase in ∆G values, whereas Brilliant green adsorption was endothermic in nature with decrease in ∆G in the temperature range 293–323 K. Reusability study showed the adsorbents could be successfully used up to 3rd cycle without much loss of adsorption capacity.