A glucose-responsive dual-nanoparticle–hydrogel-based microneedle patch for co-delivery of insulin and exendin-4

studies in T2DM mice demonstrated that the MN patch treatment effectively reduced BGLs, maintained normal blood glucose control for more than 28 hours without hypoglycemia risk, and improved glucose tolerance. In summary, this MN patch exhibits excellent therapeutic effects and clinical translation potential, offering a promising strategy for the long-term and safe treatment of T2DM.