Multiplex PCR Targeted Amplicon Sequencing (MTA-Seq): Simple, Flexible, and Versatile SNP Genotyping by Highly Multiplexed PCR Amplicon Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled genome re-sequencing for exploring genome-wide polymorphisms among individuals, as well as targeted re-sequencing for rapid and simultaneous detection of polymorphisms in genes associated with various biological functions. Therefore, a simple and robust method for targeted re-sequencing should facilitate genotyping in a wide range of biological fields. In this study, we developed a simple, custom, targeted re-sequencing method, designated "multiplex PCR targeted amplicon sequencing (MTA-seq)," and applied it to genotyping of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. To assess the practical usability of MTA-seq, we applied it to genotyping of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in natural accessions (Bd1-1, Bd3-1, Bd21-3, Bd30-1, Koz-1, Koz-3, and Koz-4) by comparing the re-sequencing data to that of reference accession Bd21. Examination of SNP-genotyping accuracy in 443 amplicons from eight parental accessions and an F1 progeny derived by crossing of Bd21 and Bd3-1 revealed that ~95% of the SNPs were correctly called. The assessment suggested that the method provided an efficient framework for accurate and robust SNP genotyping. The method described here enables easy design of custom target SNP-marker panels in various organisms, facilitating a wide range of high-throughput genetic applications, such as genetic mapping, population analysis, molecular breeding, and genomic diagnostics.