A review of recent progress on the silica aerogel monoliths: synthesis, reinforcement, and applications

The silica aerogel monoliths (SAMs) with three-dimensional (3D) porous structures showing unique physical and chemical properties promise a new era of technologies. However, the critical challenge remains in these materials due to their poor mechanical properties in large-scale fabrication. Several attempts have been adopted to enhance the mechanical properties of SAMs to overcome this challenge and explore their applications in various communities. In this review, we introduce the general synthetic methods of SAMs and highlight the use of mechanical reinforcement strategies to improve their properties. Furthermore, the applications of SAMs in killer applications have been introduced, including heat and acoustic insulation, catalysis, and electronic devices. Critically, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of SAMs are highlighted as potential targets for commercialization.