A review on disposal and utilization of phytoremediation plants containing heavy metals

The reasonable disposal of plant biomass containing heavy metals (HMs) is a difficult problem for the phytoremediation technology. This review summarizes current literature that introduces various disposal and utilization methods (heat treatment, extraction treatment, microbial treatment, compression landfill, and synthesis of nanomaterials) for phytoremediation plants with HMs. The operation process and technical parameters of each disposal method are different. HMs can migrate and transform in different disposal processes. Some disposal and utilization methods can get some by-products. The main purpose of this paper is to provide reference for technical parameters and characteristics of various disposal and utilization methods, so as to choose and use the appropriate method for the treatment of plant biomass containing HMs after phytoremediation.