Electrospun Nanofibres: Revolutionizing The Future Of Advanced Materials

Electrospinning has become a flexible and effective method for creating nanofibers with unique properties, ranging from tens of nanometers to several micrometers in diameter. This review outlines electrospinning technology, detailing its growth from early twentieth-century patents to modern industrial uses. The process relies on the uniaxial stretching of electrified polymer solutions, where high voltage causes the formation of a Taylor cone. Charged jets then get ejected and solidify into nanofibers when they reach a grounded collector.The review looks at key factors affecting nanofiber characteristics, such as polymer choice (both natural and synthetic), molecular weight, solution flow behavior, and processing conditions. It explores various applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, including drug delivery systems with improved encapsulation efficiency, tissue engineering scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix, advanced wound dressings that speed up healing, cosmetic facemasks, high-efficiency filtration membranes that outperform HEPA filters, and energy storage devices.Five different electrospinning methods are highlighted and compared: blend electrospinning for standard fiber production, coaxial electrospinning for core-shell structures that protect sensitive biomolecules, emulsion electrospinning for controlled release, melt electrospinning to tackle solvent toxicity, and gas jet electrospinning for producing finer fiber diameters. Current challenges, such as limited three-dimensional scaffold creation and reduced cell infiltration, are discussed, along with future directions that aim to create multifunctional scaffolds. These would integrate topographical, physical, and biological cues to improve tissue regeneration and therapeutic outcomes.