Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus – current and novel treatments

Purpose of review Here, we provide a broad overview of the current treatment landscape of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) focusing on diffuse central nervous system manifestations and potential new treatments based on studies of murine models and neuroimaging studies of patients. Recent findings The therapeutic landscape focuses on three approaches: modulation of B cell activity and circulating autoantibodies (CAR-T cell and BTK inhibitor therapies), reduction of systemic inflammation (JAK, TYK2, and anti-IFN inhibitors), and direct neuroprotection (ACE inhibitors and ARBs). Summary These findings broaden the therapeutic landscape for NPSLE beyond general immunosuppression. Future research must prioritize clinical trials inclusive of NPSLE patients to validate these promising strategies.