BiomniBench: Process-level Evaluation of LLM Agents for Real-world Biomedical Research

Abstract LLM agents now perform real biomedical research, but evaluating them rigorously is hard. Outcome-only benchmarks fail in two ways. First, a correct final answer can come from memorization, reward hacking, or wrong reasoning that produces the right number by chance. Second, valid alternative analyses are marked wrong simply because they differ from the reference. We introduce BiomniBench, a process-level evaluation framework that scores the full agent trajectory against expert-designed, task-specific rubrics. Our first release, BiomniBench-DA, contains 100 data-analysis tasks across 17 task types, 5 disease areas, and a general-biology category, each based on a paper from journals such as Nature, Cell, and Science and co-developed with an original author or a domain expert. Benchmarking frontier and open-weight models across four agent harnesses reveals three findings. Frontier and open-weight bases cluster within a few points of each other, with substantial headroom for all models. The agent harness shifts scores by more than the gap between successive model generations. Agents reliably ground claims in real sources yet consistently fall short on method selection, biological interpretation, and scientific reasoning. BiomniBench is the first process-level benchmark for LLM agents in biomedical research, providing the dimension-level diagnostics that outcome scoring cannot. Dataset huggingface.co/datasets/phylobio/BiomniBench-DA