Recent advances towards the use of deep eutectic solvents and cyclodextrins in the extraction of food contaminants: From traditional sample pretreatment techniques to green microextraction and beyond

There is an emerging need for the development of advanced analytical methods to guarantee food quality and safety. The development of green extraction techniques that employ green solvents for the extraction of contaminants has revolutionized the field of analytical sample preparation. Analytical scientists have turned to the application of alternative extraction techniques of food contaminants which are fully harmonized with the principles of green analytical chemistry. The efficiency, the speed, and the consumption of environmentally friendly solvents are the biggest challenges. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) and cyclodextrin- based solvents are some of the typical examples of extraction agents used for sample preparation. This review provides an updated overview of the use of green solvents in modern pretreatment techniques, including liquid phase microextraction (LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), solid phase extraction (SPE), dispersive solid phase extraction (D-SPE), magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), and Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe approach (QuEChERS).