Opening of the Sumdo Paleo-Tethys Ocean and rifting of the Lhasa terrane from Gondwana: Insights from early Carboniferous magmatism in southern Tibet

The late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane and opening of the Sumdo Paleo-Tethys Ocean remain controversial due to limited data and the ambiguous tectonic significance of Paleozoic magmatism in the southern Lhasa subterrane. Here, we explore the petrogenesis of meta-basalt from the Tangjia area and meta-gabbro from the Sumdo area to provide new constraints on the evolution of the Lhasa terrane. The geochemical characteristics of meta-gabbro are similar to those of oceanic island basalt and have positive whole-rock εNd(t) values (+0.08 to +1.03) and zircon εHf(t) values (+3.4 to +4.9), which suggests that they originated from asthenospheric mantle with minor contributions from lithospheric mantle in an intracontinental rift setting. The meta-basalt yields positive whole-rock εNd(t) values (+6.47 to +6.60) and zircon εHf(t) values (+14.2 to +15.2) and has enriched mid-oceanic-ridge−like geochemical characteristics; we suggest that the meta-basalt was sourced from the depleted mantle and interacted with enriched components in an initial oceanic basin setting. Zircon U−Pb geochronology of meta-basalt and meta-gabbro yielded crystallization ages of ca. 338 Ma and ca. 345 Ma, respectively. We suggest that the Sumdo Paleo-Tethys Ocean opened in the early Carboniferous. Negative buoyancy of Paleo-Tethys oceanic slab during subduction toward Eurasia drove the opening of the Sumdo Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Given that the Sumdo Paleo-Tethys Ocean was a limited oceanic basin, the Lhasa terrane was not completely separated from the northern margin of Gondwana before the Permian.