Mechanically and electrically switchable triferroic altermagnet in a pentagonal Fe O 2 monolayer

Two-dimensional multiferroics promise low-power, multifunctional devices, yet the intrinsic coexistence and mutual control of three coupled ferroic orders in a single layer remains elusive. Here, we identify pentagonal monolayer $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ as an intrinsic triferroic altermagnet where ferroelectric (FE), ferroelastic (FA), and altermagnetic (AM) orders coexist and are tightly coupled, accompanied by a competing antiferroelectric (AFE) phase using first-principles calculations. The sole presence of glide mirror ${\mathrm{M}}_{x}$ symmetry in a $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ sublayer, with the breaking of fourfold rotation ${\mathrm{C}}_{4z}$ symmetry, induces in-plane vector ferroelectricity and twin-related ferroelastic strains. Both FE and AFE phases break combined parity-time symmetry and display sizable altermagnetic spin splitting with N\'eel temperatures over 200 K. Electric-field induced rotation of the FE polarization reverses the sign of the spin splitting, while in-plane uniaxial strain triggers ferroelastic switching that simultaneously rotates the FE polarization vector by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and reverses the AM state. These electric-field- and strain-mediated pathways interlink six distinct polarization states that can be selected purely by electric fields and/or mechanical strain. This work extends intrinsic triferroicity to pentagonal monolayers and outlines a symmetry-based route toward mechanically and electrically configurable altermagnetic spintronics.