The cell origin of reactive oxygen species and its implication for evolutionary trade-offs

The allocation of resources in animals is shaped by adaptive trade-offs aimed at maximizing fitness. At the heart of these trade-offs, lies metabolism and the conversion of food resources into energy, a process mostly occurring in mitochondria. Yet, the conversion of nutrients to utilizable energy molecules (adenosine triphosphate) inevitably leads to the by-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may cause damage to important biomolecules such as proteins or lipids. The 'ROS theory of ageing' has thus proposed that the relationship between lifespan and metabolic rate may be mediated by ROS production. However, the relationship is not as straightforward as it may seem: not only are mitochondrial ROS crucial for various cellular functions, but mitochondria are also actually equipped with antioxidant systems, and many extra-mitochondrial sources also produce ROS. In this review, we discuss how viewing the mitochondrion as a regulator of cellular oxidative homeostasis, not merely a ROS producer, may provide new insights into the role of oxidative stress in the reproduction-survival trade-off. We suggest several avenues to test how mitochondrial oxidative buffering capacity might complement current bioenergetic and evolutionary studies.