Carbon-based materials as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion capacitors: A review

With the development of society and technology, the excessive consumption of energy has also brought about resource and environmental problems. In recent years, the development momentum of the new electric vehicle industry has been vigorous, which has also promoted the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage technology. As energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion capacitors (LIBs and LICs) offer high energy density and high power density and have a promising future in the field of energy storage. Carbon materials have the advantages of large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity and high stability and are widely used as anode electrode materials for LIBs and LICs. However, the carbon materials directly used as electrodes without treatment have lower specific capacitance. To improve their electrochemical performance, carbon materials generally need to be modified. Here, an overview is presented on recent research advances in developing carbon-based anode materials, as well as some key challenges and perspectives in lithium-ion storage for the future are proposed.