Extrusion of plant proteins: A review of lipid and protein oxidation and their impact on functional properties

Extrusion processing can improve the functional and nutritional value of plant proteins, making them a sustainable source for various applications. During both low- and high-moisture extrusion, raw materials are subjected to harsh process conditions, leading to lipid and protein oxidation. In general, oxidation products are associated with adverse effects on product properties and human health. The oxidation rates are influenced by a number of factors, including temperature, water, oil content, and protein source, with lipid-protein interactions playing a significant role in oxidation dynamics and measurement accuracy. Higher extrusion temperatures and water content promote oxidation, yet are also necessary for fiber formation. Mild protein oxidation can improve functional properties and digestibility, while extensive oxidation tends to reduce both. Therefore, adjusting extrusion parameters is critical for controlling oxidation. In addition, natural antioxidants may reduce oxidation during extrusion, but their impact on functional properties requires further investigation.