Single-atom catalysts toward electrocatalytic urea synthesis via C–N coupling reactions

. This review systematically summarizes the advancements in SACs based on carbon-based, two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks, and metal oxide supports. It delves into the regulatory mechanisms of supports on the electronic structure and coordination environment of active centers, while emphasizing the C-N bond formation mechanisms under diverse nitrogen sources. It also discusses the main challenges and future development directions in this field, providing theoretical and experimental guidance for the design of efficient electrocatalytic urea synthesis catalysts.