Histopathology, mRNA expression profile, and donor‐derived cell‐free DNA for assessment of rejection in pediatric heart transplantation

Abstract Background The relationship between histopathologic and molecular (“MMDx”®) assessments of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and serum donor‐derived cell‐free DNA (ddcfDNA) in acute rejection (AR) assessment following pediatric heart transplantation (HT) is unknown. Methods EMB sent for MMDx and histopathology from November 2021 to September 2022 were reviewed. MMDx and histopathology results were compared. DdcfDNA obtained ≤1 week prior to EMB were compared with histopathology and MMDx results. The discrimination of ddcfDNA for AR was assessed using receiver‐operating curves. Findings In this study, 177 EMBs were obtained for histopathology and MMDx, 101 had time‐matched ddcfDNA values. MMDx and Histopathology displayed moderate agreement for T‐cell‐mediated rejection (TCMR, Kappa = 0.52, p < .001) and antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR, Kappa = 0.41, p < .001). Discordant results occurred in 24% of cases, most often with ABMR. Compared with no AR, ddcfDNA values were elevated in cases of AR diagnosed by both histopathology and MMDx ( p < .01 for all). Additionally, ddcfDNA values were elevated in injury patterns on MMDx, even when AR was not present ( p = .01). DdcfDNA displayed excellent discrimination (AUC 0.83) for AR by MMDx and/or histopathology. Using a threshold of ≥0.135%, ddcfDNA had a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 63%, PPV of 52%, and NPV of 94%. Conclusions Histopathology and MMDx displayed moderate agreement in diagnosing AR following pediatric HT, with most discrepancies noted in the presence of ABMR. DdcfDNA is elevated with AR, with excellent discrimination and high NPV particularly when utilizing MMDx. A combination of all three tests may be necessary in some cases.