Cryogenic 3D Printing of GelMA/Graphene Bioinks: Improved Mechanical Strength and Structural Properties for Tissue Engineering

Integrating graphene into GelMA hydrogels, coupled with low-temperature 3D printing, represents a potent strategy for enhancing scaffold fabrication. The resultant GelMA/graphene scaffolds exhibit superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and pro-vascularization capabilities, making them highly suitable for diverse tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.