Green Synthesis of Bioactive Pyrrole Derivatives via Heterogeneous Catalysts Since 2010

Pyrrole derivatives are known as building blocks for the synthesis of biological compounds and pharmaceutical drugs. Several processes were employed to synthesize pyrroles, including Hantzsch, Paal-Knorr, and cycloaddition of dicarbonyl compounds reaction. Using catalysts like nanoparticles, metal salts, and heterogeneous ones was necessary to obtain the targeted pyrrole structure. Also, to afford more active pyrrole compounds, heterocyclic molecules such as imidazole or other rings were used in the synthesis as amines. This review presents heterogeneous catalysts since 2010 for the green synthesis of bioactive pyrroles in a one-pot multi-component reaction. Additionally, each synthetic method included a demonstration of the suggested mechanisms. Diakylacetylenedicarboxylate, dicarbonyl group, amines, furans, and acetylene group are consolidated to yield biological pyrroles through the heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, various pyrrole-performed activities were displayed, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and other significant activities.