Sulfuryl and Thionyl Halide-Based Ultralow Temperature Primary Batteries

Catholyte formulations were examined for lithium primary batteries with the goal to develop ultralow temperature capable batteries. These catholyte solutions were studied in terms of ionic conductivity, film forming properties, and discharge characteristics. Impedance measurements indicated that dissolved in sulfuryl chloride fluoride and that chlorodifluoromethane formed stable passive films at both the lithium anode and porous carbon cathode. Cells incorporating these catholytes could be discharged for as low as , which is approximately lower in temperature than any other battery chemistry ever reported, to our knowledge.