Recent advances in adsorption and coagulation for boron removal from wastewater: A comprehensive review

The anthropogenic emission of boron to river has become a serious problem that deteriorates the water quality and endangers the ecosystem. Although boron is a micronutrient, it is toxic to plants, animals and humans upon exposure. In this review, we first present the sources of the boron-containing streams and their composition, and then summarize the recent progress of boron removal methods based on adsorption and coagulation systematically. The boron-spiked streams are produced from coal-fired and geothermal power plants, the manufacturing and the activities of oil/gas excavation and mining. The adsorbents for boron removal are classified into the ones functionalized by chelating groups, the ones on the basis of clays or metal oxide. Three subgroups reside in the coagulation approach: electrocoagulation, chemical precipitation and chemical oxo-precipitation. The hybrid technology that combines membrane process and adsorption/coagulation was covered as well. To provide a comprehensive view of each method, we addressed the reaction mechanism, specified the strength and weakness and summarized the progress in the past 5 years. Ultimately, the prospective for future research and the possible improvement on applicability and recyclability were proposed.