Interfacial Hydrogen-Bonding Network and Active-Site Electronic Structure Modulation via Indium Doping in RuO 2 for Efficient and Durable OER

facilitate surface hydroxylation, which lowers the water dissociation step energy barrier prior to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and can also increase the electron density of Ru to avoid the formation of high-valence oxides, which threaten the structural stability of the catalyst. This work presents the critical role of surface hydroxylation and reports an efficient In doping strategy to improve the activity and stability of Ru-based catalysts, thereby establishing a foundation for low-cost and highly efficient hydrogen production.