Enhanced Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Surface Modification with Benzocaine Hydrochloride

) and fill factor (FF). Our results show that the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n PSCs with nickel oxide as the hole transport layer increased from an initial 20.0% to 22.1% after being passivated with BHC, and these passivated devices also exhibited improved stability. DFT calculations reveal the unusual ability of the BHC passivant to improve band alignment while also preventing the accumulation of holes at the interface. In this work, the advantages of BHC passivation are demonstrated by linking theoretical calculations with optical and electrical characterizations.