Low oil Pickering emulsion gels stabilized by bacterial cellulose nanofiber/soybean protein isolate: An excellent fat replacer for ice cream

Food-grade Pickering emulsion gels with different oil phase fractions stabilized by Bacterial cellulose nanofibers/Soy protein isolate complex colloidal particles were prepared by one-step method. The properties of Pickering emulsion gels with different oil phase fractions (5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 75 %, v/v) and their applications in ice cream were investigated in the present study. The microstructural results showed that Pickering emulsion gels with the low oil phase fractions (5 %–20 %) were an emulsion droplet-filled gel, where the oil droplets were embedded in the network structure of cross-linked polymer, while Pickering emulsion gels with higher oil phase fractions (40 %–75 %) were an emulsion droplet-aggregated gel, which formed a network structure by flocculated oil droplets. The rheology result showed that the low oil Pickering emulsion gels had the same excellent performance as the high oil Pickering emulsion gels. Furthermore, the low oil Pickering emulsion gels showed good environmental stability under harsh conditions. Consequently, Pickering emulsion gels with 5 % oil phase fraction were used as fat replacers in ice cream and ice cream with different fat replacement rates (30 %, 60 % and 90 %, w/w) was prepared in this work. The results showed the appearance and texture of the ice cream with low oil Pickering emulsion gels as fat replacers was similar to that of the ice cream with no fat replacers, and the melting rate of the ice cream with low oil Pickering emulsion gels as fat replacers showed the lowest value of 21.08 % during the 45 min of melting experiment, as the fat replacer rate in the ice cream reached to 90 %. Therefore, this study demonstrated that low oil Pickering emulsion gels were excellent fat replacers and had great potential application in low calorie food production.