Ancient Medicinal Insect Steleophaga Plancyi (Boleny)-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Like Particles Enhances Autophagic Activity to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation via Melatonin in Osteoporosis

Our results establish SP-EVLP as a promising therapeutic candidate for osteoporosis. The activation of melatonin-induced autophagy by SP-EVLP suggests a molecular mechanism for its osteoprotective effects, opening new possibilities for osteoporosis treatment development.