Nanotheranostics with Radionuclides for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Abstract Anti‐tumor theranostic radionuclide nanosystems have gained significant attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. This review systematically elucidates the concept and recent advances of anti‐tumor nanotheranostic systems with radionuclides, with a focus on the design of nanocarriers, precise selection of radionuclides, and their advantages and limitations in clinical translation. This review also explores the integration of radionuclide imaging with various treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the combination of radionuclide therapy with fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging technologies, which broadens the application of nanotheranostics, is discussed. Finally, the review outlooks the future development of anti‐tumor nanotheranostics with radionuclides and proposes a key research focus.