Influence of Ionic Additives in the PEDOT:PSS Hole Transport Layers for Efficient Blue Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes

Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites have been gaining traction in the development of high-efficiency or blue-emitting perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) due to the unique energy funneling mechanism, which enhances photoluminescence intensity, and dimensional control, which enables spectral tuning. In a conventional p-i-n device structure, the quality of RP perovskite films, including grain morphology and defects, as well as device performance can be significantly influenced by the underlying hole-transport layer (HTL). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is commonly used in several PeLEDs as an HTL because of its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Nonetheless, the energy level mismatch and exciton quenching caused by PEDOT:PSS often compromises PeLED performance. Herein, we investigate the mitigation of these effects through addition of work-function-tunable PSS Na to the PEDOT:PSS HTL and assess the impact on blue PeLED performance. Surface analysis of the modified PEDOT:PSS HTLs reveals a PSS-rich layer that alleviates exciton quenching at the HTL/perovskite interface. At an optimal concentration of 6% PSS Na addition, an improvement in the external quantum efficiency is observed, with champion blue and sky-blue PeLEDs achieving 4% (480 nm) and 6.36% (496 nm), respectively, while operation stability is prolonged by fourfold.