Wearable strain sensors based on casein-driven tough, adhesive and anti-freezing hydrogels for monitoring human-motion

) and anti-freezing properties (-21 °C). Moreover, the PAAm/casein hydrogel as a flexible wearable strain sensor is sensitive to both large-scale human motions (e.g., joint bending) and tiny physiological signals (e.g., speaking). It is envisioned that the strategy would provide novel inspiration for the development of flexible wearable protein-driven hydrogel devices.