Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract This article provides an outline of the currently existing and possible future recycling pathways for end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries and corresponding current industry activities. Beginning with an outlook onto current and possible future demand for lithium batteries and corresponding resource limitations, it addresses the current state of the art in lithium‐ion battery recycling and its role for a future circular battery economy. Apart from a detailed description of the different available recycling processes and their technological assessment, it also provides details about potential environmental benefits and limitations. Technological challenges and potentials are discussed together with other aspects related to environment, economy, legislation and future developments, providing thus a comprehensive summary of all relevant aspects in the field.