Gallic acid induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via regulating 14‐3‐3β release from Cdc25C and Chk2 activation in human bladder transitional carcinoma cells

SCOPE: Cell cycle regulation is a critical issue in cancer treatment. Previously, gallic acid (GA) has been reported to possess anticancer ability. Here, we have evaluated the molecular mechanism of GA on cell cycle modulation in a human bladder transitional carcinoma cell line (TSGH-8301 cell). METHODS AND RESULTS: Using flow cytometer analysis, exposure of the cells to 40 μM GA resulted in a statistically significant increase in G2/M phase cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in G0/G1 phase cells. GA-treated cells resulted in significant growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk1), Cyclin B1, and Cdc25C, but significant increases in p-cdc2 (Tyr-15) and Cip1/p21 by western blotting. Additional mechanistic studies showed that GA induces phosphorylation of Cdc25C at Ser-216. This mechanism leads to its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm resulting in an increased binding with 14-3-3β. When treated with GA, phosphorylated Cdc25C can be activated by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). This might be a DNA damage response as indicated by Ser-139 phosphorylation of histine H2A.X. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with a Chk2 inhibitor significantly attenuated GA-induced G2/M phase arrest. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that GA can induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase via Chk2-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25C in a bladder transitional carcinoma cell line.