Advances in research of transgenic apples.

A great progress in transgenic apples have been made in recent years.At present,many marker genes and target genes have been transformed into apples,and expressed stably in transformation receptor and progeny.Agrobacterium mediated transformation of leaves has been widely adopted in apples,and transgenic shoots have been mainly obtained from adventitious bud regeneration.There are many factors which could effect the success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.This paper reviewed the latest achievements in transgenic methods,the regenerating ability of the leaves,Agrobacterium strains and infection conditions and so on.The current problems such as low transformation efficiency and expression and less emphasis on selection of transgenic shoots were discussed.