Multi-d orbital and lattice distortion synergism boosting alkaline OER activity of carbon-supported IrFeCoNiMn high-entropy nanoparticles

, and post-characterization confirms intact crystal frameworks and trivial metal leaching under this test condition. High-resolution XPS and valence band spectra validate spontaneous charge transfer from 3d transition metals to 5d Ir, generating strong d-d orbital hybridisation and tuning the d-band centre to -4.155 eV. Such electronic rearrangement optimises intermediate adsorption and reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step. This work clarifies the synergistic catalytic mechanism of lattice distortion and multi-d orbital coupling, providing a feasible structural design strategy for low-noble OER catalysts with promising stability under medium-term alkaline electrolysis conditions.