Metagenomics and plant-microbe symbioses: Microbial community dynamics, functional roles in carbon sequestration, nitrogen transformation, sulfur and phosphorus mobilization for sustainable soil health

Biogeochemical cycles are fundamental processes that regulate the flow of essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, sustaining ecosystem productivity and global biogeochemical equilibrium. These cycles are intricately influenced by plant-microbe symbioses, which facilitate nutrient acquisition, organic matter decomposition, and the transformation of soil nutrients. Through mutualistic interactions, plants and microbes co-regulate nutrient availability and promote ecosystem resilience, especially under environmental stress. Metagenomics has emerged as a transformative tool for deciphering the complex microbial communities and functional genes driving these cycles. By enabling the high-throughput sequencing and annotation of microbial genomes, metagenomics provides unparalleled insights into the taxonomic diversity, metabolic potential, and functional pathways underlying microbial contributions to biogeochemical processes. Unlike previous reviews, this work integrates recent advancements in metagenomics with complementary omics approaches to provide a comprehensive perspective on how plant-microbe interactions modulate biogeochemical cycles at molecular, genetic, and ecosystem levels. By highlighting novel microbial processes and potential biotechnological applications, this review aims to guide future research in leveraging plant-microbe symbioses for sustainable agriculture, ecosystem restoration, and climate change mitigation.