Association between Dental Trauma and Periodontal Disease

This chapter aims to explore the link between dental trauma and the development and progression of periodontal disease. It reviews the epidemiology, classification, and signs and symptoms of periodontal disease, noting its widespread prevalence and key risk factors. Further, it emphasizes the role of inflammatory response to bacterial plaque and trauma-induced changes in periodontium. The chapter addresses different forms of trauma, including occlusal trauma, dental trauma associated with physical injuries, and psychological trauma. While the mechanical impact of occlusal trauma or traumatic dental injury can impair the tooth’s support system, psychological trauma, as a stress factor, is also considered for its indirect effect on periodontal health. Mechanisms linking trauma and periodontal disease include biomechanical stress, inflammatory pathways, and immune system dysregulation. The chapter provides an integrated view of how dental, occlusal, or psychological trauma can contribute to the onset or worsening of periodontal disease using current scientific evidence. Treatment strategies focus on prevention, early intervention, appropriate management of traumatic injuries, and long-term periodontal maintenance. Clinical recommendations highlight the importance of multidisciplinary care, including comprehensive assessment, collaboration with mental health professionals, and an emphasis on the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. This chapter advocates for timely treatment and long-term monitoring of trauma-affected patients to prevent or manage periodontal complications.