Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning using speech samples in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of deep learning (DL) using speech samples in depression. Materials and Methods This review included studies reporting diagnostic results of DL algorithms in depression using speech data, published from inception to January 31, 2024, on PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, IEEE, and Web of Science databases. Pooled accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were obtained by random-effect models. The diagnostic Precision Study Quality Assessment Tool (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the risk of bias. Results A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and 8 of them were used in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates of accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity for depression detection models were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.93), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.91), and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71-0.94), respectively. When stratified by model structure, the highest pooled diagnostic accuracy was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.81-0.97) in the handcrafted group. Discussion To our knowledge, our study is the first meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of DL for depression detection from speech samples. All studies included in the meta-analysis used convolutional neural network (CNN) models, posing problems in deciphering the performance of other DL algorithms. The handcrafted model performed better than the end-to-end model in speech depression detection. Conclusions The application of DL in speech provided a useful tool for depression detection. CNN models with handcrafted acoustic features could help to improve the diagnostic performance. Protocol registration The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023423603).