Lung Cancer in Special Populations.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, claiming more lives than other age-related and screen-detectable cancers. Cigarette smoking remains the most important risk factor. However, despite common perceptions, risk is not related solely to cigarette smoking. Several vulnerable and special populations experience a disproportionate burden of lung cancer, often complicated by overlapping medical issues, diagnostic challenges, and treatment limitations. This review highlights four populations (people with HIV, persons who are immunocompromised, lung cancer in nonsmoking women, and individuals with interstitial lung disease [ILD]) who experience unique risks that impact early detection, diagnosis, and management of lung cancer. Three of these populations are frequently underrepresented in clinical trials, yet they may be at elevated risk due to chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, or previous medical therapies. Individuals with HIV have a significantly increased incidence of lung cancer, often presenting at younger ages and with more advanced disease. Similarly, patients who are immunocompromised following organ or stem cell transplantation are at heightened risk due to prolonged immune dysfunction and prior exposures to toxic therapies. Individuals with ILD, especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), have an increased risk of developing lung cancer, which is challenging to detect with imaging given architectural distortion and even more challenging to treat given limited pulmonary reserve. We also highlight women, as there has been a striking trend of rising incidence of lung cancer among women worldwide, particularly among those who have never smoked. The intersection of these risks with traditional lung cancer risk factors like tobacco smoking highlights a critical need for increased awareness, improved risk stratification, and adapted screening strategies that take these complexities into account. In this review, we explore the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and early detection and management challenges unique to each population, underscoring the necessity of precision approaches to support individualized care.