Case series of carotid cavernous fistula: Clinical and management outcomes

ABSTRACT A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal vascular communication between internal carotid artery or external carotid artery and veins within cavernous sinus (CS). CCF commonly present with ophthalmic manifestations due to venous drainage of the orbit from the CS. Here, we present case series of four CCFs; two direct and two indirect and discuss their ophthalmological and neuroradiological features and management outcomes with digital subtraction angiography and endovascular coiling. CCF is a rare clinical presentation and its early diagnosis and treatment prevents life and vision-threatening complications.