Unlocking the biomedical potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a review on bioactive properties, stability limitations, and nano-delivery innovations

Phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols, play a crucial role in modern healthcare due to their preventive and therapeutic properties. Among these, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a potent catechin found in green tea, exhibits exceptional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and disease-modulating effects, making it a promising candidate for managing cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. However, its clinical translation is hindered by instability and poor bioavailability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have addressed these limitations through innovative nano-formulations that enhance encapsulation, stability, and targeted delivery, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the latest research on EGCG's health benefits, its pharmacokinetic challenges, and the development of nanomaterial-based delivery systems to maximise its biomedical potential. By critically evaluating current strategies and future directions, this work highlights the transformative role of nano-engineered EGCG in bridging the gap between preclinical promise and clinical application.