Application of Advanced Electrochemical Methods with Nanomaterial-based Electrodes as Powerful Tools for Trace Analysis of Drugs and Toxic Compounds

Background: The new progress in electronic devices has provided a great opportunity for advancing electrochemical instruments by which we can more easily solve many problems of interest for trace analysis of compounds, with a high degree of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity. On the other hand, in recent years, there is a significant growth in the application of nanomaterials for the construction of nanosensors due to enhanced chemical and physical properties arising from discrete modified nanomaterial-based electrodes or microelectrodes. Objective: Combination of the advanced electrochemical system and nanosensors make these devices very suitable for the high-speed analysis, as motioning and portable devices. This review will discuss the recent developments and achievements that have been reported for trace measurement of drugs and toxic compounds for environment, food and health application.