Incremental and Pragmatic Digital Trade Norms in the Asia–Pacific Region: Comparative Analysis of CPTPP, RCEP, DEPA and AAEC

Purpose: This study undertakes a comparative examination of the digital trade and digital services provisions embedded in four major trade agreements relevant to the Asia–Pacific region: comprehensive agreements (CPTPP and RCEP) as well as digital‑centered rameworks (e.g., DEPA) and the ASEAN Agreement on Electronic Commerce (AAEC). Research design, data, and methodology: Drawing on a systematic analysis of these key agreements, this research explores potential differences in the scope, depth, and policy priorities of digital trade norms across these instruments. Results: Our findings suggest that the so‑called Asian model, embodied by RCEP and the AAEC, reflects a more incremental and flexible approach. Such a model may serve as a valuable reference point for developing countries negotiating new agreements, particularly in a context where data sovereignty and cyber‑sovereignty are central considerations. Conclusions: Caution is warranted to prevent the emergence of digital protectionism, such as fragmentation of the digital ecosystem or the development of multiple incompatible internet architectures, which could undermine interoperability and open digital trade.