Drug-Induced Glomerular Disease

Drugs and toxins frequently are associated with the development of various types of acute kidney disease and CKD. Although medications are a widely known cause of tubulointerstitial damage, drug-related glomerular injury is not well appreciated but nonetheless, important. Glomerular damage that occurs after exposure to medications can be caused by direct cellular injury involving the mesangial, endothelial, or visceral epithelial cells (podocytes). Examples include nodular glomerulosclerosis associated with smoking and endothelial injury with thrombotic microangiopathy from a number of medications. Podocyte injury with the development of a minimal change or FSGS lesion has also been described with various medications. Glomerulopathies may also be associated with drug-induced immune-mediated processes. Through various pathways, drugs may promote the formation of a number of antibodies, which may, ultimately, affect the glomerulus. Examples include lupus-like renal lesions and ANCA-related pauci-immune vasculitis. It is critical to recognize these conditions early, because in many patients, there is improvement in renal parameters on stopping the offending medication.