Particle dose dependent neurotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles in foetuses of Swiss albino mice

Chronic lead (Pb2 +) exposure has been associated with learning and memory impairments, whereas vitamin E improves cognitive deficits. In this study, using a passive avoidance learning model in rats, we investigated the effects of vitamin E on Pb2 + exposure-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. In the present study, 56 Wistar male rats (weighting 230–250 g) were divided into eight groups (n = 7). The Pb2 + exposure involved gavages of lead acetate solution using three different doses (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) and the vitamin E consisted of three different doses (10, 25, 50 μg/rat) for 30 days. After the 30-day period, the rats were tested using a passive avoidance task (acquisition test). In a retrieval test conducted 48 h after the training, step through latency (STL) and time in the dark compartment (TDC) were recorded. The statistical analysis of data was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis. In all cases, differences were considered significant if p < 0.05. The results of the present study showed that chronic exposure to high doses of Pb2 + significantly increased both the number of trails required for learning and the TDC, whereas it decreased the STL in the passive avoidance test. Administration of vitamin E ameliorated the effects of Pb2 + on animal behavior in the passive avoidance learning and memory task. Our results indicate that impairments of learning and memory in Pb2 +-exposed rats are dose dependent and can be inhibited by antioxidants such as vitamin E.