FoxO3 inactivation promotes human cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through Keap1‐Nrf2 signaling

FoxO transcription factors have been reported to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. The mechanisms underlying the tumor suppression function of FoxOs in human cancers remain largely unknown. Aberrant expression and activation of Nrf2 often correlate with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. Here, we report that FoxO3 directs the basal transcription of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), an adaptor protein that bridges Nrf2 to Cul3 for degradation. FoxO3 depletion resulted in Keap1 down‐regulation, thereby activating Nrf2 signaling. We further demonstrated that inhibition of the FoxO3‐Keap1 axis accounts for Nrf2 induction and activation induced by constitutively active AKT signaling or tumor necrosis factor α treatment. Unlike previous findings, FoxO3 silencing led to decreased reactive oxygen species production, therefore protecting cells from oxidative stress‐induced killing in an Nrf2‐dependent manner. Importantly, FoxO3 deficiency strongly potentiated tumor formation in nude mice and rendered cholangiocarcinoma xenografts resistant to cisplatin‐induced cell death by activating Nrf2. Additionally, we found that clinical cholangiocarcinoma samples displayed FoxO3‐Keap1 down‐regulation and Nrf2 hyperactivation, underscoring the essential roles of these proteins in cholangiocarcinoma development. Conclusion : Our results unravel a unique mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor function of FoxO3 through constraining Nrf2 signaling. (H epatology 2016;63:1914‐1927)