Synthesis Of 2d Materials For Photonic And Electronic Applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are redefining the landscape of photonic and electronic technologies. These atomically thin materials exhibit extraordinary electrical, optical, and mechanical properties that are unattainable in bulk materials. This article reviews the latest synthetic approaches for producing high-quality 2D materials, including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and bottom-up wet chemical synthesis. Emphasis is placed on the controllability, scalability, and integration potential of these methods in photonic and nanoelectronic devices.