Printed liquid metals for next-generation stretchable electronics

Liquid metals (LMs) combine metallic conductivity with fluid-like deformability, making them promising for stretchable electronics. However, their low viscosity, surface oxidation, and interfacial instability hinder precise printing and reliable device integration. This review examines how LM properties govern printing behavior, discusses modification strategies and methods spanning two to four dimensions, evaluates applications in stretchable electronics, and establishes material-process-performance relationships to guide future device design and practical manufacturing strategies.